Pinealon

Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Trofimova S

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Review of in vitro and in vivo research on the EDR tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) examining proposed molecular mechanisms - modulation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3, p53), antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, GPX1), and transcription factors PPARA/PPARG - implicated in neuronal gene-expression models relevant to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis research.

Silanteva IA, Komolkin AV, Morozova EA, Vorontsov-Velyaminov PN, Kasyanenko NA

The journal of physical chemistry. B

Biophysical study using spectroscopy, NMR, viscosimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations characterizing how the EDR peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) interacts with DNA in vitro - the peptide partially penetrates the DNA major groove and affects guanine base atoms, with divalent magnesium ions promoting the peptide-DNA interaction by screening the negatively charged phosphate backbone.

Mendzheritsky AM, Karantysh GV, Ryzhak GA, Prokofiev VN

Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii

In vivo study in 18-month-old rats exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia and mild hypothermia stress models, comparing pinealon and cortexin effects on brain free-radical processes, caspase-3 activity, and neurotransmitter (adrenergic, serotonergic) levels - both peptides were associated with increased brain neurotransmitter accumulation under these stress models.

Fedoreyeva LI, Kireev II, Khavinson VKh, Vanyushin BF

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia

In vitro study in HeLa cells using fluorescently labeled peptides showing that pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) penetrates the cell cytoplasm and nucleus and exhibits sequence-specific binding to deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA, including apparent recognition of cytosine methylation status at CNG sites - a proposed mechanism for epigenetic gene-regulatory activity of short regulatory peptides.

Khavinson V, Ribakova Y, Kulebiakin K, Vladychenskaya E, Kozina L, Arutjunyan A, et al.

Rejuvenation research

Foundational in vitro study demonstrating that pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) produces concentration-dependent reduction of reactive oxygen species accumulation and necrotic cell death in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells under oxidative-stress conditions, associated with delayed ERK1/2 activation and cell-cycle modulation - proposed as evidence of both antioxidant and direct genome-interacting activity.